2003), our model can handle emission through inclined jets, and we develop a method for carrying out two of three integrations over the velocity distribution analytically. Expanding on work in the literature ( Krivov et al. The mathematical foundations are described in Sect. The model relates the distribution of dust sources on the surface of the atmosphereless body and the parameters of ejection (e.g., source strength or directional and velocity distribution) to observable quantities such as number density, fluxes, or optical depth. In this paper we derive a semianalytical model to assess the spatial configuration of the emitted dust. For instance, mass-point gravity can be a good approximation to describe dust ejection from a satellite with surface topography. We note that for higher-order gravity terms to be negligible, the source body does not necessarily need to be spherical. 2015), or dust plumes ejected from cryovolcanically active satellites ( Spahn et al. This is for instance the case for impact-generated dust clouds around planetary satellites as were detected around the Galilean moons ( Krüger et al. For the dynamics of the ejected material, it is in many cases possible to neglect any other forces than the mass point gravity of the source body to a good degree of approximation. Prominent examples are comets, active asteroids, ejecta clouds from hypervelocity impacts, or plumes from active satellites. The ejection of material from the surfaces of atmosphereless bodies is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the Solar System. Key words: celestial mechanics / methods: analytical / methods: numerical We make the source code of a Fortran-95 implementation of the model freely available. As examples for the application of the code, we calculate profiles of the dust density in the Enceladus plume, the pattern of mass deposition rates around a plume on Europa, and images of optical depth following the nonstationary emission of material from a volcano on Io. Integrating over velocity space, we obtained an expression from which we inferred the density, flux, or optical depth of the ejected material. For a jet that is inclined to the surface normal, we related the distributions of ejection direction, velocity, and size to the phase-space number density at the distance from the source body. The model is applicable to material on bound or unbound trajectories and to steady and nonsteady modes of ejection. Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, Oulu, FinlandĮ-mail: We present a model for the configuration of noninteracting material that is ejected in a continuous manner from an atmosphereless gravitating body for a given distribution of sources. Astronomical objects: linking to databasesĪnastasiia Ershova (Анастасия Ершова) and Jürgen Schmidt.Including author names using non-Roman alphabets.Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes
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